A research question is a clear question that defines what you want to find out. Once you have a question, you can then state a research aim and a set of research objectives.
A good research question helps you plan your work and makes your purpose clear to your reader.
From topic to question
Use this process as a starting point rather than a strict sequence. In practice, you may need to revisit earlier steps as your thinking develops.
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| Choose a topic | Ask yourself what subjects and specific questions interest you, and whether you can find reliable information on it. |
| Narrow your focus | Summarise your topic in a single sentence. |
| Phrase your topic as a question | Rewrite your sentence using phrases such as: 'To what extent...', 'How...', 'What...', or 'Why...' |
| Choose how you will collect your data |
Consider:
|
| Choose how you will analyse the data | For example, through comparative analysis, a case study, or historical perspective. |
| Consider sub-questions | If your main question is too broad to answer directly, break it into smaller parts. |
What makes a good research question?
Use the SMART criteria to check your question.
- Specific — it contains enough detail about who, what, when, and why for you to answer it accurately
- Measurable — it is possible to find the data you need to answer it
- Achievable — it is possible to access the data, sources, or participants you need
- Relevant — it is important and appropriate for your subject area
- Timely — it is achievable within the time you have available
What if my question doesn't meet the criteria?
-
Not specific enough
Return to step 2 and narrow your focus further. Consider reducing the number of variables, groups, or locations your question covers.
-
Not measurable
Return to step 4 and reconsider how you will collect your data. You may need to choose a different data source or research strategy.
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Not achievable
Return to step 4 and check whether you can realistically access the data, sources, or participants you need. If not, adjust your question to work with what is available to you.
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Not relevant
Return to step 1 and reconsider your topic. Discuss with your module leader whether your question is appropriate for your subject area.
-
Not timely
Return to step 2 and narrow your focus. A smaller, tighter question is easier to answer within your deadline. Our guidance on time management and productivity covers how to plan your available time.
Refining your question
Once your question meets the SMART criteria, test whether it works in practice:
- Does it require more than a yes or no answer?
- Can you answer it within your word count?
- Can you define its key terms clearly?
- Will your research provide the answer?
From question to aim and objectives
Once your research question meets the SMART criteria, use it to develop your aim and objectives.
Your research question defines precisely what your research will investigate.
For example:
'What is the effect of agricultural run-off on macroinvertebrate diversity in three tributaries of the River Meon between March and June 2025?'
Your aim describes what your research intends to achieve. It is a broader statement of purpose that frames your research question.
For example:
'To investigate the effect of agricultural run-off on river ecosystems in southern England.'
Your objectives are the specific steps you will take to achieve your aim. Most proposals have between two and four objectives. Each one should be concrete and achievable.
For example:
- To review existing literature on agricultural run-off and macroinvertebrate diversity.
- To collect and analyse water quality and species data from three river sites.
- To assess the relationship between land use and biodiversity in the selected catchment.
Page last edited: 25 August 2026
Next review due: 20 July 2029