An academic essay is written in paragraphs. It uses evidence and ideas to answer a set task. It has three parts: an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion.
Analyse the task before writing
Be clear what the task requires before reading or writing. Every task contains task words, such as 'discuss', 'evaluate', or 'critically analyse'. These tell you what kind of response you need to give. Check your assignment brief and marking criteria. Task word meanings can vary across subject areas.
A common mistake is focusing on the broader subject rather than the specific task requirement. A task about a law, for example, may require you to evaluate how effective it is, not describe what it says. A response that describes the topic without addressing the specific task won’t score highly, even if the content is accurate.
Structure your response
Essays don’t use section headings, tables, or charts. The text flows as continuous, paragraphed prose. Only the reference list at the end should have a heading. In this part, list all the sources you've cited in your work, using the preferred referencing style for your subject.
The introduction tells the reader what the essay covers and how it is organised. It can be easier to write introductions last, once the main body is complete.
Structure each paragraph in the main body to cover just one point. State the point clearly in the first sentence, support it with evidence, and explain what the evidence means in relation to the task. The paragraphs in the main body build the argument overall. They are the connected set of points that answers the task. Use signposting so the essay moves clearly from one point to the next.
When writing your conclusion, answer the task directly using the main points. Don’t introduce new evidence.
Plan and draft your essay first. Expect to write more than one version before you submit. Identify the main points that address the task, decide on a logical order, and note the evidence for each point.
Balance description and analysis
Every essay needs both description and analysis.
Description explains what the evidence or theory is. Description is necessary but keep it concise. Analysis examines how strong the evidence or theory is, and what it means for your answer.
Check your analysis to be sure you have demonstrated an understanding that can earn higher marks.
Check and revise
Once a draft is complete, it’s time to revise, edit and proofread your work. Start by checking it has addressed the task. Then edit for clarity and proofread for errors.
Read the essay aloud. If a sentence is hard to say, it’s likely hard to read.
Page last edited: 26 August 2026
Next review due: 18 August 2029