APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Academically, an appendix is used to contain supplementary information relevant to a dissertation, or occasionally an essay or assignment, but whose contents are not part of the main text. It can help the reader understand the context or detail or present findings or documents that support an argument.
Information essential to the dissertation or assignment should be included in the main text. Refer to any appendix at least once by name in the main text or don’t include it. See Layout of appendices for more on naming.
An appendix, or multiple appendices, might include:
- data collected in research
- tables, figures or maps
- evidence of calculations
- transcripts of interviews
- search terms & strategies
- sample questionnaire form or a sample informed consent form or an ethical approval form
- results of questionnaires (suitably anonymised)
- computer program listings
- laboratory equipment or procedures, or
- personal communications such as correspondence.
What is included in your word count will depend on the assignment you are writing - please check on your Moodle module or with your lecturer. APA states that everything is included in your word count but generally, for most University assessments, the word count is from the first word of your first sentence to the last word of your last sentence so excludes the title, reference list, and appendices.
Any questions regarding appendices should be directed to your lecturers.
If you are a Business student who has been asked to include extracts from published works in their appendices, please click 'more' below for information.
more
Although not standard in APA, Business students may be instructed to include tables or figures from published sources in their appendices.
These sources should already be referred to in the main body of the work and included in the reference list, so they can be referenced in the appendices with
Note. From Author, date
underneath the figure/table.
If you are a Business student and using sources in an appendix that are not already referenced in the main body of the work, a full reference should be provided underneath the table/figure in the appendices.
Please check with the Business lecturer marking your work for further clarity.