If you are using an image, figure, diagram or table from a published source such as a book, article or webpage your reference should be to the source in which it appeared.
Provide the page number and any caption number in the in-text citation that will help to identify the illustration, using the terminology within the book or article.
For more information about how to include copies of these in your work, please see our guidance here.
Use this format to reference and cite images, photographs and other visual sources which you have found in databases.
Always include a description of the medium or format in square brackets after the title.
If you are referencing a photograph of a work by another artist, such as an architect, give the name of the photographer as the author, and include the other artist and their medium in the description.
For untitled images, include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
Reference
Artist, Initials. (Year of creation). Title [Description]. Database name. URL.
Albers, A. (1959). Study for nylon rug [Gouache on photocopy of original drawing]. Artstor. https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AALBERT_10311267667
Sulman, J. (1958). Job 2622: Case study house no. 21 (Los Angeles, Calif.) also known as Bailey House [Photograph of architecture by Pierre Koenig]. Artstor. https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AGETTYIG_10313608841
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the artwork in your sentence, use italics for this.
Study for nylon rug (Albers, 1959) shows how...
The photograph by Sulman (1958) depicts the...
Image sharing websites including Flickr, Imgur, Pixabay, Pinterest and Instagram may contain non-standard spelling, capitalisation, hashtags, links and emojis. Do not alter spelling or capitalisation and retain hashtags and emojis (links and emojis count as one word).
Always include a description of the medium or format in square brackets after the title.
If the author has a username rather than their real name, and you know their real name, use this followed by the username in square brackets. If you do not know their real name, use the username as the author.
Reference
Author, Initials. [username]. (Year, Month Date of posting). Title or text of post up to twenty words [Description]. Name of Site. URL
Bickford-Smith, C. [coraliebickfordsmith]. (2020, May 14). Spot the newbie! There's a new cloth colour in town! It's bright and I love it! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CAKR8FgAbY8/
okkamooie. (2008, Jan 11). Frog [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/4kqEUV
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the artwork in your sentence, use italics for this.
In a photograph... (Bickford-Smith, 2020)
In their photograph Frog, okkamooie (2008) showed...
Images produced using an AI tool
To include the image in your work, follow the same formatting guidance as for any other image. Below the image provide a caption that explains that the work was generated using an AI tool, and what prompt was used. No reference list entry is required for an image that you have produced using an AI tool.
For example:
Figure 1
An AI-generated image of a restaurant.
Note. Image generated using Ideogram.ai from the prompt: A photo of a busy restaurant with views of the sea. The room is filled with wooden tables and chairs. There's a bar in the corner. The walls are adorned with modern lights and abstract artwork. The ceiling has exposed wooden beams. The lighting is warm and soft.
AI-generated images reproduced in a published source
If you use AI-generated images reproduced in a published source (e.g. a newspaper article), follow the formatting guidance for an image and include an in-text citation to the source in the Note.
Include the published source in your reference list using the guidelines for the relevant source type.
It may be helpful for you to state that the image is AI-generated in the caption and/or note.
For example:
Figure 1
Jason Allen’s AI-generated work, Théâtre D’opéra Spatial
(image)
Note. From Roose, 2022.
The reference list entry for this would be:
Roose, K. (2022, September 2). An A.I.-generated picture won an art prize. Artists aren’t happy. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html
Use this format to reference and cite all types of museum artwork, including paintings, sculptures, photographs, prints, drawings and installations.
Always include a description of the medium or format in square brackets after the title.
For untitled art, include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
If you have viewed the artwork online, include a URL.
Reference
Artist, Initials. (Year of creation). Title [description]. Museum name, Location. URL.
Parker, C. (1991). Cold dark matter: An exploded view [Wood, metal, plastic, ceramic, paper, textile and wire]. Tate Britain, London. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/parker-cold-dark-matter-an-exploded-view-t06949
Millais, J. E. (1853). Effie with foxgloves in her hair [Oil painting on millboard]. Wightwick Manor, West Midlands.
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the artwork in your sentence, use italics for this.
It can be seen that this created... (Parker, 1991)
In Effie with foxgloves in her hair Millais (1853) depicted...
Use this format to reference and cite (but not reproduce) clip art or stock images.
You do not need to reference or cite clip art which comes from Microsoft Word or Powerpoint.
If the author has a username rather than their real name, and you know their real name, use this followed by the username in square brackets. If you do not know their real name, use the username as the author.
For untitled images, include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
Reference
Author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of image [Clip art / Stock image]. Website name. https://doi.org or URL
velvetes. (n.d.). Summer flowers [Stock image]. Shutterstock. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/summer-flowers-434561524
In-text Citation
This image contained... (velvetes, n.d.)
In this image velvetes (n.d.) used...
For all references, include a URL to the exhibition on the museum website if available.
If the curator is unknown, move the title of the exhibition to the author position of the reference. You do not need to include the curator's role in the reference, as they are considered the author of the exhibition.
If the exhibition is part of a permanent collection, you may not be able to provide a date. If that is the case, use (n.d.).
Reference
Curator, Initials. (Year, Month Date - Year, Month Date span of exhibition). Title [Exhibition]. Gallery / Venue, Location. URL
Marsh, J. (2019, October 17 - 2020, January 26). Pre-Raphaelite sisters [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/pre-raphaelite-sisters/exhibition/
A study in Sherlock (n.d.). Portsmouth Museum and Art Gallery, Portsmouth. https://portsmouthmuseum.co.uk/what-to-see-do/exhibitions/a-study-in-sherlock/
In-text Citation
A recent exhibition included... (Marsh, 2019-2020)
Marsh (2019-2020) included...
An exhibition containing... (A study in Sherlock, n.d.)
A study in Sherlock (n.d.) displays...
As live events such as concerts, theatrical performances and dance recitals are not recoverable sources, they do not need to be referenced and cited.
If you wish to mention one in the text of your work, you can do so by giving the name or title in italics, and the year or other date details in brackets immediately following it.
If you have watched the event in a recorded form, you should reference it using the appropriate format for the medium in which you viewed it (e.g. streaming video).