These sources can include definitions from dictionaries, and entries in thesauri, encyclopaedias and directories (both online and in print format).
Online entries
You should not give a publication date for this type of entry. You should instead give a retrieval date for when you looked at it, as entries are updated frequently.
Without author(s)
Reference
Title of entry. (n.d.). In Title of website. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Serial killer. (n.d.). In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved May 11, 2021, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/serial-killer
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
They can commonly be defined as... ("Serial killer", n.d.).
The definition of "Serial killer" (n.d., para. 1) includes...
With author(s)
Reference
Author of entry, Initials. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of website. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Gordon Melton, J. (n.d.). Wicca. In Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wicca
In-text Citation
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
Wicca can be defined as ... (Gordon Melton, n.d.).
Gordon Melton (n.d., para. 1) defines Wicca as...
With an organisation as the author
Reference
Author of entry. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of website. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (n.d.). Atropine sulfate. In British National Formulary. Retrieved December 31, 2022 from https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/atropine-sulfate/
In-text Citation
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
If the organisation is known by an acronym, you can use this in your second or subsequent citation by following this guidance.
Atropine sulphate can be used for ... (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, n.d.).
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (n.d., para. 3) explains that...
If you are referencing information from Credo, you are not required to include a 'retrieved from' date as these URLs are more stable than reference works on websites.
With author(s)
Reference
Author of entry, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Initials, Editor(s) (Ed./Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition if any). Publisher. URL
Arnold, D. G. (2015). Business ethics. In R. Audi (Ed.), The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupdphil/business_ethics/0?institutionId=129
In-text Citation
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
It can be observed (Arnold, 2015) that...
Arnold (2015, para. 4) defines this as...
Without author(s)
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Initials, Editor(s) (Ed./Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition if any). Publisher. URL
Marginalisation. (2017). In S. Butler (Ed.), The Macquarie dictionary (7th ed.). Macquarie Dictionary Publishers. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/macqdict/marginalisation/0?institutionId=129
Portsmouth. (2005). In J. Ayto, I. Crofton, & P. Cavill (Eds.), Brewer's Britain and Ireland. Chambers Harrap. https://search.credoreference. com/content/entry/ orionbritainireland/ portsmouth/0?institutionId=129
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
It can be observed ("Marginalisation", 2017) that...
"Portsmouth" (2005, para. 2) is defined as...
If the entry has a named author and is in a book with editor/s, please follow the guidance for a chapter in an edited ebook.
Entry with no named author in an edited ebook
Reference
The name(s) of the editor(s) of the book which appear within the reference need to be formatted slightly differently, with their initial before their surname.
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Initials. Editor of book (Ed.), Title of book (pp. page numbers of chapter/section). Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
Entry with a named author in an ebook without author(s) or editor(s)
Reference
Author of entry, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Title of book (Edition if any, pp. start and end page numbers of entry if any). Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
In-text Citation
Use the author of the entry and the year of publication to create this citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
Without author(s)
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of release). In Name of App (Version number) [Mobile app]. Publisher or App Store. URL.
Electrical injuries. (2019). In JRCALC Plus for Android (Version 1.2.4) [Mobile app]. Class Professional Publishing. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=uk.co.classprofessional.cpg.ukascpg.jrcalcplus&hl=en
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
This can be defined as... ("Electrical injuries", 2019).
JRCALC describes "Electrical injuries" (2019) as...
With author(s)
This is not likely to be common. Most mobile apps will not give an author for a reference entry.
Reference
Author, Initials. (Year of release). Title of entry. In Name of App (Version number) [Mobile app]. Publisher or App Store. URL.
In-text Citation
This can be described as... (Author, Year)
Author (Year) describes...
Print entries
If the entry has a named author and is in a book with editor/s, please follow the guidance for a chapter in an edited book.
Entry with no author or editor
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Title of reference work (Edition if any, pp. start and end page numbers of entry if any). Publisher.
Contagious. (2006). In Collins School Dictionary (3rd ed.). Collins.
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
The definition describes... ("Contagious", 2006)
The definition of "Contagious" (2006) includes...
Entry with no author in a book with editor(s)
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Initials, Editor(s) of book (Ed./Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition if any, pp. start and end page numbers of entry if any). Publisher.
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.