Journal articles

Online journal article with a single author 

Reference 

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/ or URL 

Anker, T. B. (2021). At the boundary: Post-COVID agenda for business and management research in Europe and beyond. European Management Journal, 39(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.01.003 

In-text Citation 

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

Anker (2021) argues that... 

It can be argued ... (Anker, 2021, p. 173). 

For examples of online journal articles with multiple authors please see below.

For all articles with up to twenty authors, include all of their names in the reference and use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. 

Online journal article with two authors 

Reference 

Author, Initials., & Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/or URL

Mosam, A., & Todd, G. (2021). Dermatology training in Africa: Successes and challenges. Dermatologic Clinics, 39(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2020.08.006

In-text Citation 

For sources with two authors, you should use both authors' surnames in each citation. If the citation is inside brackets, use an ampersand (&) between the names. If they are in the text of your work, use 'and' between them.

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

It was discovered that... (Mosam & Todd, 2021).

In a recent study, Mosam and Todd (2021, p. 62) discovered... 

Online journal article with three to twenty authors 

Reference

Author, Initials., Author, Initials., & Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/or URL

Dabić, M., Stojčić, N., Simić, M., Potocan, V., Slavković, M., & Nedelko, Z. (2021). Intellectual agility and innovation in micro and small businesses: The mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership. Journal of Business Research, 123, 683-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.013

In-text Citation 

For sources with three or more authors, you only need to state the name of the first author, followed by 'et al.'

'et al.' is plural, meaning "and others".

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

It can be argued that... (Dabić et al., 2021).

Dabić et al. (2021, p. 685) argue that...

Online journal article with twenty-one authors or more 

Reference

For an article with twenty-one or more authors, include the first nineteen authors names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author's name. 

Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., . . . Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/or URL

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935-1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

In-text Citation 

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

It has been stated that... (Wiskunde et al., 2019).

Wiskunde et al. (2019, p. 1941) stated that...

In the reference, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range.

Reference 

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), Article article number. https://doi.org/ or URL

Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House”. PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972

In-text Citation 

For information about citing quotations from sources without page numbers, please see our guidance here. 

It has been found that... (Jerrentrup et al., 2018)

Jerrentrup et al. (2018, para. 6) found that...

Not all journals give their issues both volume and issue numbers. If the journal does not use volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers, omit the missing element(s) from the reference.

Example with a missing volume number

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, (Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/ or URL

Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016/#/46also 

Example with a missing issue number

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number, start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/ or URL

Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038

Advance online publication generally refers to peer-reviewed work available before it has gone to print. This means that volume number, issue number and page numbers may be missing. 

Reference 

Add 'Advance online publication' where the missing source information would usually be in the reference.

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/ or URL

van Rooyen, A., Miller, A.D., Clark, Z., Sherman, C. D. H., Butcher, P. A., Rizzari, J. R., & Weeks, A. R. (2021). Development of an environmental DNA assay for detecting multiple shark species involved in human–shark conflicts in Australia. Environmental DNA. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.202

In-text Citation 

Recent research suggests... (van Rooyen et al., 2021)

In a recent study, van Rooyen et al. (2021) suggests...

Reference 

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. 

Pitts, M. (2008). The henge builders. Archaeology, 61(1), 48-55.

In-text Citation 

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

It can be argued that... (Pitts, 2008).

Pitts (2008, p. 50) stated that... 

For examples of print journal articles with multiple authors please see below.

For all articles with up to twenty authors, include all of their names in the reference and use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. 

Print journal article with two authors

Reference

Author, Initials., & Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers.

Shang-Su, W., & Chong, A. (2018). Developmental railpolitics: The political economy of China’s high-speed rail projects in Thailand and Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 40(3), 503-526.

In-text Citation

For sources with two authors, you should use both authors' surnames in each citation. If the citation is inside brackets, use an ampersand (&) between the names. If they are in the text of your work, use 'and' between them.

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

It can be argued that... (Shang-Su & Chong, 2018).

Shang-Su and Chong (2018, p. 505) have argued that... 

Print journal article with three to twenty authors

Reference

Author, Initials., Author, Initials., & Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers.

Kiernan, R.C., Beresford, T. P., O'Cuinn, G., & Jordan, K. N. (2000). Autolysis of lactobacilli during Cheddar cheese ripening. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 39(1), 95-106.

In-text Citation 

For sources with three or more authors, you only need to state the name of the first author, followed by 'et al.'

'et al.' is plural, meaning "and others".

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

Studies have shown that... (Kiernan et al., 2000). 

Kieran et al. (2018, p. 100) demonstrate that... 

Print journal article with twenty-one authors or more 

Reference

For an article with 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author's name. 

Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials., . . . Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers.

Nath, A. P., Ritchie, S. C., Grinberg, N. F., Tang, H. H., Huang, Q. Q., Teo, S. M., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Würtz, P., Havulinna, A. S., Santalahti, K., Pitkänen, N., Lehtimäki, T., Kähönen, M., Lyytikäinen, L. P., Raitoharju, E., Seppälä, I., Sarin, A. P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., . . . Inouye, M. (2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals variants with widespread immune, haematological, and cardiometabolic pleiotropy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(6), 1076-1090.

In-text Citation 

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

Results of a study suggest... (Nath et al., 2019).

A study by Nath et al. (2019, p. 1080) resulted in...

Not all journals give their issues both volume and issue numbers. If the journal does not use volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers, omit the missing element(s) from the reference.

Example with a missing volume number

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, (Issue number), start and end page numbers.

Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47. 

Example with a missing issue number

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number, start and end page numbers.

Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. 

For reviews which have a distinct title, use this followed by details of the book being reviewed in square brackets. Where there is no title, omit this and use only the details of the book being reviewed in square brackets.

If the book being reviewed has editors rather than authors, use (Ed.) or (Eds.) to signify this after their names in the reference. 

Reference

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article [Review of the book Title, by Initials, Author]. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/ or URL 

Reynolds, J. (2022). Good travelers: Following the many career paths of ADR [Review of the book Evolution of a field: Personal histories in conflict resolution by H. Gadlin & N. A. Welsh (Eds.)]. Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 37(1), 99-112. https://research.ebsco.com/c/qgabbp/search/details/y3bejnnqvr?db-edshol

Buchanan, R. J. (2023). [Review of the book Punk revolution!: An oral history of punk rock politics and activism, by J. Malkin]. Library Journal, 148(6), 116-117. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=163904058&site=eds-live

Weimar, J. (2020). [Review of the book The myth awakens: Canon, conservatism, and fan reception of Star Wars, by K. Derry & J. C. Lyden (Eds.)]. Journal for Religion, Film and Media, 6(2), 114-118. https://doi.org/10.25364/05.6:2020.2.11

In-text Citation

Reynolds (2022) describes the book as...

...this can be argued to be one of the strengths of this work (Weimar, 2020)

To reference an article that is in a language other than English, you should use the standard guidance for the an article, giving details in the original language, and add an English translation of the title in square brackets after the title and before the period. 

Translate only the title of the specific article being referenced. You do not need to provide a translation of the title of the whole journal. 

If the original language uses a different alphabet, transliterate the alphabet into the Roman alphabet.

For example, English, Dutch, French, German, Spanish and Swahili use the Roman alphabet. Amharic, Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin and Russian use other alphabets.

The purpose of transliteration is to aid the alphabetisation of your reference list. If transliteration is not possible, check with your lecturer how they would like you to treat this source, as they may accept use of the original alphabet.

You should reference translated articles in the language in which the translation was published, using the standard format. For example, if a French language article was translated into English and you read that English version, this is what you would reference.

You should credit the translator in your reference if they are known, by adding their name in round brackets after the title of the article, along with the word Trans. 

You also need to provide two dates; the year the translated work was published, and the year the original was published. If the two dates are the same, you can omit this. 

Reference

Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article (Initials, Author, Trans.). Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), start and end page numbers. https://doi.org/ or URL (Original work published Year)

Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood (J. Bliss & H. Furth, Trans.). Human Development, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225 (Original work published 1970)

In-text Citation

In-text citations for translated works require both the initial and translated publication dates, in numerical order.

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

Piaget (1970/1972) suggested that...

It can be shown that... (Piaget, 1970/1972).