The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author, even if they did not create it. If the author has a username rather than their real name, and you know their real name, use this followed by the username in square brackets. If you do not know their real name, use the username as the author.
If the video contains contributions by key individuals, these can be mentioned in the text of your work.
Reference
Author, Initials. (Year, Month Date of upload). Title [Video]. Platform name. URL.
mmunlocked. (2013, Dec 3). SEN in an historical context [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/fYHyMLn1uQE
Peralta Colleges. (2014, May 8). P-SPAN #368: Race, class and punishment: America's penal system 1960 - 2010 [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/fPimdolcc6c
Queen Official. (2008, Aug 1). Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody (Official video remastered) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/fJ9rUzIMcZQ
In-text Citation
You can cite a specific part of a film by providing a time stamp for the start of the section.
...this was described by Dr Mark Peace as... (mmunlocked, 2013, 7:19)
Alessandro De Giorgi described... (Peralta Colleges, 2014, 25:40)
In the video for Bohemian Rhapsody, Queen used... (Queen Official, 2008).
Use the name of the director of a film as the author. If the name of the director is unknown, someone in a similar role can be used - in this instance you would include their role in brackets after their name.
If there is more than one production company involved, include them all separated by a ;
You do not have to specify how you viewed a film, but you can include this information if you are using a particular version of a film which may have distinct features or scenes. Examples of this could include special edition DVDs, subscription sites such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, or Disney+, as well as resources such as Box of Broadcasts. Add this after the word Film in square brackets, separated by a ;
Reference
Director Surname, Initials. (Director) or Producer Surname, Initials. (Producer). (Year of release). Title [Film]. Production company.
Zemeckis, R. (Director). (1985). Back to the future [Film]. Universal Pictures; Amblin Entertainment.
Coogler, R. (Director). (2018). Black panther [Film; Netflix]. Marvel Studios.
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the film in your sentence, use italics for this.
You can cite a specific part of a film by providing a time stamp for the start of the section.
In Back to the future (Zemeckis, 1985) Marty McFly...
In Black panther, Coogler (2018, 1:09:40) uses...
Use the name(s) of the Executive Producer(s) of the episode as the author(s).
If there is more than one production company involved, include them all separated by a semicolon.
You do not have to specify how you viewed a series, but you can include this information if you are using a particular version which may have distinct features or scenes. Examples of this could include special edition DVDs, subscription sites such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, or Disney+, as well as resources such as Box of Broadcasts. Add this after the words TV series in square brackets, separated by a semicolon.
When a TV series spans multiple years, separate the years with a dash. If the series is still airing, replace the second date with the word present.
Reference
Executive Producer Surname, Initials. (Executive Producer). (Years of airing). Series Title [TV series]. Production company.
Crawford Collins, S., Featherstone, J., Graham, M., Willis, B., Pharoah, A., Dowie, H., Schweitzer, P., Burch, H., Calverley, S., Jackson, A., & Wenger, P. (Executive Producers). (2008-2010). Ashes to Ashes [TV series]. Kudos Film and Television; Monastic Productions; BBC Wales
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the series in your sentence, use italics for this.
In Ashes to Ashes... (Crawford Collins et al., 2008-2010)
Use the names of the writer and director of the episode as the authors.
If there is more than one production company involved, include them all separated by a semicolon.
You do not have to specify how you viewed an episode, but you can include this information if you are using a particular version which may have distinct features or scenes. Examples of this could include special edition DVDs, subscription sites such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, or Disney+, as well as resources such as Box of Broadcasts. Add this after the words TV series episode in square brackets, separated by a semicolon.
Reference
Writer Surname, Initials. (Writer), & Director Surname, Initials. (Director). (Year, Month Date of airing). Title (Series number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Initials. Surname of Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV series. Production company.
Sellek, E. (Writer), & Glynn, S. (Director). (2018, May 8). Bubble wrap (Series 20, Episode 19) [TV series episode; BBC iPlayer]. In S. Harper (Executive Producer), Holby City. BBC.
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the series in your sentence, use italics for this.
You can cite a specific part of an episode by providing a time stamp for the start of the section.
In this episode of Holby City (Selleck & Glynn, 2018, 16:43)...
Album by a modern recording artist
You do not have to specify how you listened to an album, but you can include this information if you are using a particular version which may have distinct features or tracks. Add this after the word Album in square brackets, separated by a semicolon.
Reference
Recording artist. (Year of release). Title [Album]. Record company.
Ghost. (2025). Skeletá [Album]. Loma Vista.
Twenty One Pilots. (2018). Trench [Album; Spotify]. Fueled by Ramen LLC; Elektra Records.
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the album in your sentence, use italics for this.
The album Divisions contained... (Starset, 2019)
Trench (Twenty One Pilots, 2018) was the fifth studio album...
Recording of Classical music
Use the composer as the author. Include the name of the individual or group performing on the recording in square brackets after the title.
Use the publication date for the recording, and give the original composition date in brackets at the end of the reference.
Reference
Composer. (Year of recording). Title [Album recorded by Name of individual performer or group]. Record company. (Original work published Year)
Bach, J. S. (2007). Six Concertos for the Margrave of Brandenburg [Album recorded by European Brandenburg Ensemble]. Avie. (Original work published 1721)
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the album in your sentence, use italics for this.
This recording of the Six Concertos for the Margrave of Brandenburg... (Bach, 2007)
Song by a modern recording artist
If a song has no associated album, omit that part of the reference.
If there is only one source for the song (e.g. it is only available on SoundCloud or another site), include a URL at the end of the reference.
You do not have to specify how you listened to a song, but you can include this information if you are using a particular version which may have distinct features. Add this after the word Song in square brackets, separated by a semicolon.
Reference
Recording artist. (Year of release). Title [Song]. On Album title. Record company.
Starset. (2019). Where the skies end [Song]. On Divisions . Fearless Records.
Twenty One Pilots. (2018). Chlorine [Song; Spotify]. On Trench. Fueled by Ramen LLC; Elektra Records
Waterparks. (2019). Glitter times (1997 demo) [Song]. https://soundcloud.com/waterparksofficial/glitter-times
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the song or album it comes from in your sentence, use italics for this.
In Chlorine (Twenty One Pilots, 2018)...
Classical song or track
Use the composer as the author. Include the name of the individual or group performing on the recording in square brackets after the title.
Use the publication date for the recording, and give the original composition date in brackets at the end of the reference.
Reference
Recording artist. (Year of release). Title [Song]. On Album title. Record company. URL
Bach, J. S. (2007). Brandenburg concerto no. 3 in G major [Song recorded by European Brandenburg Ensemble]. On Six Concertos for the Margrave of Brandenburg. Avie. (Original work published 1721)
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the album in your sentence, use italics for this.
In the recording of Brandenburg concerto no. 3 in G major, you can hear... (Bach, 2007)
The host of the podcast should be used as the author. If the host is unknown, give the name of the executive producer(s). In both cases their role should be included in brackets after their name.
When a podcast spans multiple years, separate the years with a dash. If the podcast is still airing, replace the second date with the word present.
Specify the type of podcast (audio or video) in square brackets.
If there is more than one production company involved, include them all separated by a semicolon.
If you accessed the podcast via an app, omit the URL.
Reference
Host, Initials. (Host). (Years of release). Title of podcast [Audio/Video podcast]. Production company. URL.
Jenner, G. (Host). (2019-present). You're dead to me [Audio podcast]. Muddy Knees Media; BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07mdbhg
Iero, F., Simon, S., & Hambone McGuire, J. (Hosts). (2018-2019). Casual interactions [Audio podcast]. Ham-Fisted Productions. https://casualinteractions.libsyn.com/
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the episode or podcast in your sentence, use italics for this.
These kinds of topics are discussed in You're dead to me (Jenner, 2019-present)
Jenner (2019-present) covers topics such as...
These topics were frequently discussed... (Iero et al., 2018-2019)
The host of the podcast should be used as the author. If the host is unknown, give the name of the executive producer(s). In both cases their role should be included in brackets after their name.
Provide the episode number in brackets after the title. If the podcast does not number episodes, omit this.
Specify the type of podcast (audio or video) in square brackets.
If there is more than one production company involved, include them all separated by a semicolon.
If you accessed the podcast via an app, omit the URL.
Reference
Host, Initials. (Host). (Year, Month Date of release). Title of episode (No. episode number) [Audio/Video podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production company. URL.
Jenner, G. (Host). (2020, Dec 1). Stonehenge [Audio podcast episode]. In You're dead to me. Muddy Knees Media; BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08zqq6y
Iero, F., Simon, S., & Hambone McGuire, J. (Hosts). (2019, May 1). Riddle me that (No. 8) [Audio podcast episode]. In Casual interactions. Ham-Fisted Productions. https://casualinteractions.libsyn.com/episode-8-riddle-me-that
In-text Citation
If you mention the title of the episode or podcast in your sentence, use italics for this.
You can cite a specific part of an episode by providing a time stamp for the start of the section.
This was described as... (Jenner, 2020, 3:45)
Jenner (2020, 3:45) described this in Stonehenge as...
This was discussed... (Iero et al., 2019, 9:14)
Audiobooks should be referenced in the same way as ebooks, but with the narrator added in brackets after the title, and the format noted in square brackets.
If the audiobook was released in a different year to the text version, treat this as a republished ebook, adding the narrator in brackets after the title, and the format in square brackets.
Reference
Author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book (Initials, Narrator name. Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
Author, Initials. (Year of audiobook publication). Title of book (Initials, Narrator name. Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL. (Original work published Year of original publication)
Haig, M. (2020). The midnight library (C. Mulligan, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Canongate Books. https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Midnight-Library/dp/B085LJ5BVY/ref=zg_bs_audible_5?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=TASMD30CT92VYXB369FX
Hodges, A. (2012). Alan Turing: The enigma (G. Griffin, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Audible Studios. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Alan-Turing-The-Enigma/dp/B008E72LYY/ref=zg_bs_19394001031_1?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=8FC86PJAFVVTB01PD3WC. (Original work published 1983)
In-text Citation
You can cite a specific part of an audiobook by providing a time stamp for the start of the section.
This was described as... (Haig, M., 2020, 16:22)
Hodges (2012, 2:33:00) describes...
As live events such as concerts, theatrical performances and dance recitals are not recoverable sources, they do not need to be referenced and cited.
If you wish to mention one in the text of your work, you can do so by giving the name or title in italics, and the year or other date details in brackets immediately following it.
If you have watched the event in a recorded form, you should reference it using the appropriate format for the medium in which you viewed it (e.g. streaming video).