APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Ebook with a single author
Reference
Author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book (Edition number if it is not the first edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
Sannah, E.S. (2018). Systems thinking for sustainable development: Climate change and the environment. Springer. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/portsmouth-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5254558
Cody, W. J. (1999). Flora of the Yukon Territory (2nd ed.). NRC Research Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/portsmouth-ebooks/detail.action?docID=228107
In-text Citation
For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
A recent study (Sanneh, 2018) suggests that…
Cody (1999, p. 412) described this as...
For examples of ebooks with multiple authors please click 'more' below.
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Ebook with two authors
Reference
Author, Initials., & Author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book (Edition number if it is not the first edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
Jana, T., & Diaz Mejias, A. (2018). Erasing institutional bias: How to create systemic change for organizational inclusion. Berrett-Koehler. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/portsmouth-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5508508
In-text Citation
For sources with two authors, you should use both authors' surnames in each citation. If the citation is inside brackets, use an ampersand (&) between the names. If they are in the text of your work, use 'and' between them.
For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
A recent study (Jana & Diaz Mejias, 2018) suggests that…
Jana and Diaz Mejias (2018, p. 45) suggest that…
Ebook with more than two authors
Reference
Author, Initials., Author, Initials., & Author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book (Edition number if it is not the first edition). Publisher. URL or https://doi.org/
McCabe, R. E., O'Gara, B. W., & Reeves, H. M. (2010). Prairie ghost: Pronghorn and human interaction in early America. University Press of Colorado. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/portsmouth-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3039794
In-text citation
For sources with three or more authors, you only need to state the name of the first author, followed by 'et al.'
'et al.' is plural, meaning "and others".
For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
Recent research has suggested that... (McCabe et al., 2010).
McCabe et al. (2010, p. 56) suggest that...