APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If the entry has a named author and is in a book with editor/s, please follow the guidance for a chapter in an edited book.
Entry with no author or editor
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Title of reference work (Edition if any, pp. start and end page numbers of entry if any). Publisher.
Contagious. (2006). In Collins School Dictionary (3rd ed.). Collins.
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
The definition describes... ("Contagious", 2006)
The definition of "Contagious" (2006) includes...
Entry with no author in a book with editor(s)
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Initials, Editor(s) of book (Ed./Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition if any, pp. start and end page numbers of entry if any). Publisher.
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.