APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
Need More Help?
If, after looking at this guidance, you are still stuck, then we can help. If you have a quick question then chat to us online, and if you need more help then you can Book an online APA 7 referencing appointment.
If the entry has a named author and is in a book with editor/s, please follow the guidance for a chapter in an edited ebook.
Entry with no named author in an edited ebook
Reference
The name(s) of the editor(s) of the book which appear within the reference need to be formatted slightly differently, with their initial before their surname.
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Initials. Editor of book (Ed.), Title of book (pp. page numbers of chapter/section). Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
In-text Citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.
Entry with a named author in an ebook without author(s) or editor(s)
Reference
Author of entry, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Title of book (Edition if any, pp. start and end page numbers of entry if any). Publisher. https://doi.org/ or URL
In-text Citation
Use the author of the entry and the year of publication to create this citation.
If the entry doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.