APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If you interviewed another person as part of your research, and they agreed to be quoted in your work, cite this as a personal communication in your text.
Do not include this in your reference list, as there is no copy of the information available for the reader to use.
In-text Citation
The curator noted the important discoveries she made within the documents (H. Raven, personal communication, April 3, 2018).
If interviewees were speaking confidentially, do not include a citation.
In-text citation
Fourteen of the twenty interviewees expressed concerns about steroid use in teenagers.