APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If you have created a figure or table using data from more than one source, put “Adapted from” after Note. and include all citations for the information used.
For complicated tables and figures, if needed, you can either:
a) include citations within your table by including Author (Date). If you do this a Note. below the table is no longer required.
For example:
Table 3
Justification for Use of Instagram for Marketing
| Study | Result |
| Philips et al. (2020) | 31.9% of UK Instagram users in March 2020 were aged 25-34 |
| Hennigan (2019) | 50% of Gen Z consumers check Instagram many times each day |
| Clapp (2019) | 69% of 13-17 year olds with internet access check Instagram daily |
or
b) differentiate between sources by using a, b, c in your table. You can then list your citations after each letter in the Note. This is helpful for complicated tables using data from many different sources.
For example:
Table 4
Business Start-ups Average Risk Rating
| ... | ... | ... | |
| ... | 0.001a | 0.03b | 0.012c |
| ... | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.23 |
| ... | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.48 |
Note: These figure are approximated depending on the use of ...
a From Smith (2018, p.2). b From Central Bank (2019). c This number represents ... From ...