Leaflets can be described as small, informal publications which are usually printed rather than found online. They can contain anything from medical guidance to take-away menus.
In general, leaflets will not be an easily retrievable source. You may therefore wish to consider including photographs of them as an appendix. If you use a photograph you took yourself of a leaflet as a Figure within your work, you will need to follow this guidance, but you do not need to include an in-text citation within the Note. field. Leave out the line of text starting with the word Note. below the table or figure.
If there is an online copy, you can include a URL in your reference.
They will often not have a named author, but instead be attributed to an organisation or company. You should use this as the author for the purposes of referencing and citation.
If it is not clear from the title that the item is a leaflet, you should use square brackets to include a description of the material in the reference.
If there is no obvious title, you should use a description of the item in square brackets in place of this in the reference.
Reference
Author. (Year of publication). Title (Series number if available) [description]. URL if available.
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. (2022). Early treatment of bleeds: Information for patients (OMI 79549) [Leaflet]. https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/79549Pbleeds.pdf
Wedgewood Rooms. (2023, April). [Leaflet containing gig listings for entertainment venue between May and June 2023].
In-text Citation
A patient advice leaflet stated that... (Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 2022)
There were a wide variety of acts booked during this period (Wedgewood Rooms, 2023)
Posters can contain anything from medical information to directions or advertising. In general, posters and notices will not be an easily retrievable source. You may therefore wish to consider including a photograph of it as an appendix. If you use a photograph you took yourself of the poster or notice as a Figure within your work, you will need to follow this guidance, but you do not need to include an in-text citation within the Note field. Leave out the line of text starting with the word Note. below the table or figure.
They will often not have a named author, but instead be attributed to an organisation or company. You should use this as the author for the purposes of referencing and citation.
If it is not clear from the title that the item is a poster, you should use square brackets to include a description of the material in the reference.
If there is no obvious title, you should use a description of the item in square brackets in place of this in the reference.
If you cannot tell the date the poster was created, use n.d. instead of a year.
Reference
Author. (Year of publication). Title [description].
McDonalds UK. (2023). [Poster advertising the 99p saver menu, containing an image of a portion of fries, a cheeseburger and a mayo chicken burger].
In-text Citation
The saver menu was advertised using large imagery of the food items available (McDonalds UK, 2023).
In general, signage will not be an easily retrievable source. You may therefore wish to consider including a photograph of it as an appendix. If you use a photograph you took yourself of the signage as a Figure within your work, you will need to follow this guidance, but you do not need to include an in-text citation within the Note. field. Leave out the line of text starting with the word Note. below the table or figure.
In most cases, there will be an organisation which can be used as an author in the reference, but no title.
Instead of a title, you should use a description of the signage in square brackets.
If you cannot tell the date the signage was created, use n.d. instead of a year.
Reference
Author. (Year of publication). [description].
Shiny window cleaning company. (n.d.). [Signage on side of company vehicle including logo].
In-text Citation
The company use a distinctive logo on their van as part of their advertising (Shiny window cleaning company, n.d.).