Articles (OSCOLA5)

• For journals where there is no volume number, use square brackets around the year.
• For two or three authors, list all authors with 'and' before the final name.

• If there are more than three authors, give the first author's name followed by 'and others'. 

Footnote

ⁿ Author name as it appears on the source, 'Article Title' [Year] Abbreviated Journal Name first page number of article, pinpoint page if required.

¹ Richard Flannigan, 'Fiduciary Duties of Shareholders and Directors' [2004] JBL 277, 284.

² Jason Lowther, David Parham and Michael V. Williams, ‘All at Sea: When Duty Meets Austerity in Scheduling Monuments in English Waters’ [2017] JPL 246, 249-250.

³ Maeve O'Rourke, ‘Ireland's Magdalene Laundries and the State's Duty to Protect’ [2011] HLJ 200, 208.

⁴ Tuomas Mattila, ‘Extended collective licensing as a solution to copyright frictions in AI-driven creative economy’ [2026] EIPR 265, 267.

Bibliography

Each reference should start with a bullet point. No full stop is needed at the end of the reference.

Author Initials, 'Article Title' [Year] Abbreviated Journal Name first page number of article

Flannigan R, 'Fiduciary Duties of Shareholders and Directors' [2004] JBL 277

Lowther J, Parham D and Williams MV, ‘All at Sea: When Duty Meets Austerity in Scheduling Monuments in English Waters’ [2017] JPL 246

Mattila T, ‘Extended collective licensing as a solution to copyright frictions in AI-driven creative economy’ [2026] EIPR 265

O'Rourke M, ‘Ireland's Magdalene Laundries and the State's Duty to Protect’ [2011] HLJ 200

• For journals where there is a volume number, use round brackets around the year.
• For two or three authors, list all authors with 'and' before the final name.

• If there are more than three authors, give the first author's name followed by 'and others'. 

Footnote

ⁿ Author name as it appears on the source, 'Article Title' (Year) Volume number Abbreviated Journal Name first page number of article, pinpoint page if required.

⁴ Francesca Klug and Helen Wildbore, ‘Follow or Lead? The Human Rights Act and the European Court of Human Rights’ (2010) 6 EHRLR 621, 624.

⁵ Michael Naughton, 'Rethinking Miscarriages of Justice' (2008) 186 Crim Law 3, 5.

⁶ Martin Petrin, ‘Assumption of Responsibility in Corporate Groups: Chandler v Cape plc’ (2013) 76 MLR 603.

⁷ Lee Roach, ‘The UK Stewardship Code’ (2011) 11 JCLS 463, 468.

Bibliography

Each reference should start with a bullet point. No full stop is needed at the end of the reference.

Author initials, 'Article Title' (Year) Volume number Abbreviated Journal Name first page number of article

Klug F and Wildbore H, ‘Follow or Lead? The Human Rights Act and the European Court of Human Rights’ (2010) 6 EHRLR 621

Naughton M, 'Rethinking Miscarriages of Justice' (2008) 186 Crim Law 3

Petrin M, ‘Assumption of Responsibility in Corporate Groups: Chandler v Cape plc’ (2013) 76 MLR 603

Roach L, ‘The UK Stewardship Code’ (2011) 11 JCLS 463

• OSCOLA uses abbreviations for journal titles. 

• Selected journals are listed in the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations (freely available) by journal title and by abbreviation at  https://legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/ as well as in the full OSCOLA guidance (Section 5.2.1).

• Look for the preferred abbreviation and remove any full stops.

• Case Notes should be treated as journal articles - the same rules regarding square and round brackets around the year apply.
• If there is no title, use the case name in italics and inside single quotation marks and add (note) after the starting page number

Footnote 

ⁿ Author name as it appears on the source, 'Title' [Year] Abbreviated Journal Name first page number of article, pinpoint page if required.

1 Daniel Nolan, 'Nuisance and Privacy' (2021)137 LQR 1.

² Andrew Ashworth, ‘R (Singh) v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police’ [2006] Crim LR 441 (note).

Bibliography 

Each reference should start with a bullet point. No full stop is needed at the end of the reference.

Author Initials, 'Title' [Year] Abbreviated Journal Name first page number of article

Nolan D,  'Nuisance and Privacy' (2021)137 LQR 1

Ashworth A, ‘R (Singh) v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police’ [2006] Crim LR 441 (note)

If a journal or article is only published electronically, it may not have a complete set of publication details. Elements such as page numbers may be missing. Give as much information as possible, but omit any elements which are not provided. 

Articles which have not yet been formally published should be given footnotes and bibliography entries which are as full as possible, with (forthcoming) added at the end. If volume and/or page numbers are not yet known, these should be omitted. 

• For two or three authors, list all authors with 'and' before the final name.

• If there are more than three authors, give the first author's name followed by 'and others'. 

Footnote

ⁿ Author name as it appears on the source, 'Article Title' Newspaper Name (Day Month Year) first page number of article, pinpoint page if required.

1 Helen Bruce, 'Judge Lifts Lid on Soar­ing Legal Fees Dur­ing Strike' Irish Daily Mail (26 August 2026) 19.

² Jane Croft, ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (1 July 2010) 3.

³ Alistair Grant, 'Appeal in Case Linked to Sal­mond Files' The Scotsman (28 August 2026) 6.

Bibliography

Each reference should start with a bullet point. No full stop is needed at the end of the reference.

Author Initials, 'Article Title' Newspaper Name (Day Month Year) first page number of article

Bruce H, 'Judge Lifts Lid on Soar­ing Legal Fees Dur­ing Strike' Irish Daily Mail (26 August 2026) 19

Croft J, 'Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (1 July 2010) 3

Grant A, 'Appeal in Case Linked to Sal­mond Files' The Scotsman (28 August 2026) 6

• Newspaper articles read online and for which there is no page number available should be treated as below.
• If an original page number is provided, treat as if it was read in print format.
• For two or three authors, list all authors with 'and' before the final name.

• If there are more than three authors, give the first author's name followed by 'and others'. 

Footnote

ⁿ Author name as it appears on the source, 'Article Title' Newspaper Name (Day Month Year) <URL> accessed Day Month Year.

¹ Maureen Groppe, 'Judges Call Out Trump: Logic, Data Criticized as Legal Challenges Reviewed' Coshocton Tribune (18 March 2025) <https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/judges-call-out-trump-administration/docview/3177989372/se-2> accessed 25 August 2026.

² Rachel Hall, 'Apple Launches Legal Challenge Against UK Government Demand to Access Data' The Guardian (3 August 2026) <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/aug/03/apple-legal-challenge-uk-government-data-access> accessed 28 August 2026.

Bibliography

Each reference should start with a bullet point. No full stop is needed at the end of the reference.

Author Initials, 'Article Title' Newspaper Name (Day Month Year) <URL> accessed Day Month Year

Groppe M, 'Judges Call Out Trump: Logic, Data Criticized as Legal Challenges Reviewed' Coshocton Tribune (18 March 2025) <https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/judges-call-out-trump-administration/docview/3177989372/se-2> accessed 25 August 2026

Hall R, 'Apple Launches Legal Challenge Against UK Government Demand to Access Data' The Guardian (3 August 2026) <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/aug/03/apple-legal-challenge-uk-government-data-access> accessed 28 August 2026