APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
Need More Help?
If, after looking at this guidance, you are still stuck, then we can help. If you have a quick question then chat to us online, and if you need more help then you can Book an online APA 7 referencing appointment.
When using content from webpages, you must ensure that any date you use applies to the content you are using rather than the whole site.
Do not use a copyright date from the website footer, because this date may not indicate when the individual page was published.
If there is a note on the page you are using which gives a publication date, or says "last updated", you may use this. Otherwise, treat the page as having no publication date (use n.d. in place of the year in your reference and in-text citation).