APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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For sources with two authors
Use both authors surnames in each in-text citation. If the citation is inside brackets, use an ampersand (&) between the names. If they are in the text of your work, use 'and' between them.
(Salas & D'Agostino, 2020)
Salas and D'Agostino (2020) argue that...
For sources with three or more authors
State the name of the first author, followed by 'et al.'
'et al.' is plural, meaning "and others".
(Jones et al., 2018)
Jones et al. (2018) found that...
The same applies if any of the authors are organisations or groups.
For information on references for sources with multiple authors, please see the guidance here.