APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Image sharing websites including Flickr, Imgur, Pixabay, Pinterest and Instagram may contain non-standard spelling, capitalisation, hashtags, links and emojis. Do not alter spelling or capitalisation and retain hashtags and emojis (links and emojis count as one word).
Always include a description of the medium or format in square brackets after the title.
If the author has a username rather than their real name, and you know their real name, use this followed by the username in square brackets. If you do not know their real name, use the username as the author.
Reference
Author, Initials. [username]. (Year, Month Date of posting). Title or text of post up to twenty words [Description]. Name of Site. URL
Bickford-Smith, C. [coraliebickfordsmith]. (2020, May 14). Spot the newbie! There's a new cloth colour in town! It's bright and I love it! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CAKR8FgAbY8/
okkamooie. (2008, Jan 11). Frog [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/4kqEUV
In-text citation
If you mention the title of the artwork in your sentence, use italics for this.
In a photograph... (Bickford-Smith, 2020)
In their photograph Frog, okkamooie (2008) showed...