APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If you are citing a case in your text, use the name of the case in italics. The case names should be in normal font in the reference list.
For all guidance below, if you are using an online version include https://doi.org/ or URL at the end of the reference.
There are different forms for citing cases before 1865, from 1865 to 2001, and from 2002 onwards.