Legal and Government

For all Acts passed after 1963

Reference

Title of Act and Year, c. chapter number (Jurisdiction abbreviation if needed/required).  URL

Finance Act 2020, c. 14. https://uk.westlaw.com

Health and Social Care Act 2012, c. 7. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted

In-text Citation

It is required that... (Health and Social Care Act 2012)

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 states that... 

Section 2 of the Finance Act 2020 gives the basic....

Basic tax rates (Finance Act 2020, s. 2)....

For guidance on referencing and citing an Act from before 1963, please see below

For all Acts passed before 1963

Include the regnal year (the number of years since the monarch's accession) when citing an Act enacted before 1963.

Reference

Title of Act and Year, Regnal Year Abbreviated monarch name and number c. chapter number (Jurisdiction abbreviation if needed/required). https://doi.org or URL

Geological Survey Act 1845, 8 and 9 Vict. c. 63.  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/8-9/63/contents

Trading with the Enemy Act 1939, 2 and 3 Geo. 6 c. 89.  https://uk.westlaw.com 

In-text Citation

With the passing of the Geological Survey Act 1845 (s. 1)...

...offences perpetrated by corporations (Trading with the Enemy Act 1939, s. 10)...

For all Acts passed after 1963

Reference

Title of Act and Year, c. chapter number (Jurisdiction abbreviation if needed/required).

Welsh Language Act 1993, c. 38.

In-text Citation

The Welsh Language Act 1993 required that...

It is legally required that... (Welsh Language Act 1993)

For all Acts passed before 1963

Include the regnal year (that is, the number of years since the monarch's accession) when citing an Act enacted before 1963.

Reference

Title of Act and Year, Regnal Year Abbreviated monarch name and number c. chapter number (Jurisdiction abbreviation if needed/required).

Act of Supremacy 1534, 26 Henry 8 c. 1.

Fatal Accidents Act 1846, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 93.

In-text Citation

With the passing of the Act of Supremacy 1534...

..."under such circumstances as amount in law to felony" (Fatal Accidents Act 1846).

If you are using a print form of the document, omit the URL from your reference.

Reference

Title of Act and Year, c. chapter number, Explanatory Notes (Jurisdiction abbreviation if needed/required). https://doi.org or URL

Climate Change Act 2008, c. 27, Explanatory Notes. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/notes/contents

In-text Citation

You can use a paragraph (para.) number to pinpoint information you are using.

It is required that... (Climate Change Act 2008, Explanatory Notes para. 74)

The Climate Change Act 2008 (Explanatory Notes para. 74) requires that... 

Reference 

Cite the full act, not a specific part of the act.

Finance Act 2024, c. 3. https://uk.westlaw.com

Human Rights Act 1998, c. 42.  https://uk.westlaw.com

In-text Citation

A strict interpretation of s. 2(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998...

Section 2(1)(a) of the Human Rights Act 1998...

...cheapest duty rate (Finance Act 2024, s. 23(2)(f)).

Abbreviations for parts of legislation

article/articles  -  art/arts
chapter/chapters (of statutes)  -  c/cc
regulation/regulations  -  reg/regs
rule/rules  -  r/rr
schedule/schedules  -  sch/schs
section/sections  -  s/ss
subsection/subsections  -  sub-s/sub-ss
subparagraph/subparagraphs  -  subpara/subparas
supplement/supplements  -  supp/supps

All judgments from 2002 onwards have a neutral citation. This identifies the case without referring to the printed law report series in which the case was published, and helps to identify the case online – for example, through the freely available transcripts of the British and Irish Legal Information Institute (www.bailii.org) and databases including Westlaw and LexisLibrary. If you are only using the neutral citation, also provide the publication in which the case was reported or the database or website that you used.

Reference

Case name [Year case heard] Neutral citation, [Year of publication] Volume Law report abbreviation Page number, Database name or URL

Humphreys v. Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2012] UKSC 18, [2012] 1 WLR 1545.

or

Humphreys v. Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2012] UKSC 18, http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/18.html

In-text Citation

Citing Humphreys v. Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2012] ...

After 1865, series of official law reports were published. You need to cite one of the official Law Reports; House of Lords, Privy Council, Queen or King’s Bench, Family, Probate, Chancery, or Appeal Courts (Criminal and Civil) if available. If not, cite (in order of importance) Weekly Law Reports, All England Law Reports, or another law reports series.

If the year of publication is used to identify the volume it should be in square brackets. If there are several volumes in one year, add the volume number after the year in square brackets.

If the volumes of the law report series are independently numbered, and so can be identified without the year, place the year in round brackets or parentheses.

If citing a court that heard appeals from more than one jurisdiction, add (appeal taken from and the jurisdiction abbreviation).

Reference

Case name [year of publication] Volume number Law report abbreviation First page number (Court abbreviation if not clearly indicated by reporter) Page(s) of specific material or paragraph number(s) of specific material in brackets, if desired (appeal taken from jurisdiction abbreviation). Database name or URL

British Columbia Electric Railway Company, Limited Appellants v Loach Respondent [1916] 1 AC 719 (PC).

R v. Edwards (John) [1991] 93 Cr App R 48. Lexis.

In-text Citation

As noted in R v. Edwards (John) [1991] ...

Before 1865, cases were often published by individuals (called nominate reporters) rather than the later series of law reports. Many pre-1865 cases were consolidated into the English Reports. The reference includes the location in the English Reports and the nominative reporter.

Reference

Case name (Year of publication) Volume number Eng. Rep. First page number; Volume number Nominative reporter abbreviation First page number.

Blenkinsopp v. Blenkinsopp (1850) 50 Eng. Rep. 1177; 12 Beav. 568.

In-text Citation

The husband’s legal trickery (Blenkinsopp v. Blenkinsopp, 1850) ...

In addition to law reports, legal chambers or publishers may publish comments or analyses of cases. It is important to be clear that these are opinions by individual or organisation authors, and are different to law reports.

Reference

Author or organisation (Year). Title of case. Database name or URL

Essex Chambers (2018). CH v. A Metropolitan Council. http://www.39essex.com/cop_cases/ch-v-metropolitan-council

or

Thomson Reuters (2018). CH v. A Metropolitan Council. Westlaw.

In-text Citation

Two analyses of the case (Essex Chambers, 2018; Thomson Reuters, 2018) ...

Tribunals do not fall under the pre/post 2001 formatting as tribunal cases are seen below the High Court.  The outcome of a tribunal case may be published in a law report  but if a case is not published in a law report, cite the tribunal outcome like an unreported case with the case number.

Reported

Reference

Stephen Laughton v Information Commissioner [2024] UKFTT 390 (GRC).  https://uk.westlaw.com

In-text Citation

Stephen Laughton v Information Commissioner [2024]...

or

... identified in Stephen Laughton [2024]...

Unreported

Reference

Case name [Year] Tribunal court abbreviation case number.

Stacey Macken v BNP Paribas London Branch [2019] UKEAT 2208142/2017 & 2205586/2018.  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d766f1f40f0b62603c4b58b/Ms_S_Macken_-v-_BNP_Paribas_London_Branch_-_Case_Number_2208142_2017___others_-_Full.pdf

In-text Citation

Stacey Macken v BNP Paribas London Branch [2019]...  

or

... as shown in Stacey Macken [2019]...

Pages and documents found on the UK Government website (GOV.UK) are created by the 23 ministerial departments and 20 non-ministerial departments, as well as over 400 other agencies and public bodies.

If you are using a document which opens as a PDF or HTML file, you should reference it using the guidance for a Report by a government department.

You should look for the department or body responsible for the particular page you are using to work out who the author is. Sometimes it will be a combination of a department and a named individual.

If you use a page or document without a department, body or named individual given as the author, you should move the title of the article to the author position at the beginning of the reference.

Note that GOV.UK is never used as an author.

If the webpage has no publication date use (n.d.) in place of this.

Reference

Name of Department. (Year, Month Date of publication). Title. Name of Website. URL

Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport, & Whittingdale, J. (2021, June 14). Government increases licence fees for gambling operators. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-increases-licence-fees-for-gambling-operators

Benefit cap calculator. (n.d.). GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/benefit-cap-calculator

In-text Citation

This was amended to... (Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport & Whittingdale, 2021, para. 4)

The Benefit cap calculator (n.d.) gives information... 

Reference

Author, Initials or Name of government department. (Year of publication). Title (Report series and number if available). URL

Department for Education. (2014). School admissions code: Statutory guidance for admission authorities, governing bodies, local authorities, school adjudicators and admission appeals panels (DFE-00728-2014). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/389388/School_Admissions_Code_2014_-_19_Dec.pdf

Wilson, W., & Barton, C. (2021). Social rented housing (England): Past trends and prospects (House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 8963). https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8963/

In-text Citation

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

The process involves... (Department for Education, 2014).

Wilson and Barton (2021, p. 11) state that... 

Reference

Author, Initials or Name of government department. (Year of publication). Title (Report series and number if available). 

Gadd, E. (2018). Brexit glossary (House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 7840).

Department for Education. (2014). School Admissions Code: Statutory guidance for admission authorities, governing bodies, local authorities, schools adjudicators and admission appeals panels (DFE-00728-2014).

In-text Citation

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

This can be defined as... (Gadd, 2018).

The Department for Education (2014, p. 7) describe this as... 

Reference

Author/Department/Committee, Title of report/paper, Year, Command Paper number. https://doi.org/ or URL

Macpherson, W., The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, 1999, Cm 4262-1. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf

In-text Citation

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

In the report it was stated... (Macpherson, 1999).

Macpherson (1999, p. 56) claimed...

The abbreviations used for "command paper" have changed over time. Below are the standard abbreviations used:

C. (1st series) - 1833 – 1869
C. (2nd series) - 1870 – 1899
Cd. - 1900 – 1918
Cmd. - 1919 – 1956 
Cmnd. - 1957 – 1986
Cm. - 1986 – 2018
CP. - 2019 –

Reference

Author/Department/Committee, Title of report/paper, Year, Command Paper number. 

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Launch of the Draft Animal Welfare Bill, 2004, Cm. 6252

In-text Citation

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

It was reported that... (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2004).

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2004, p. 16) stated that... 

The abbreviations used for "command paper" have changed over time. Below are the standard abbreviations used:

C. (1st series) - 1833–1869
C. (2nd series) - 1870–1899
Cd. - 1900–1918
Cmd. - 1919–1956 
Cmnd. - 1957–1986
Cm. - 1986–2018
CP. - 2019-

Reference

Committee name, Report title, Year, HC or HL paper number, pinpoint (if necessary). URL.

Home Affairs Committee, Independent police complaints commission, 2013, HC 494. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/494/49402.htm

In-text Citation

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

In the report it was stated... (Home Office Affairs Committee, 2013).

The Home Office Affairs Committee (2013) claimed...

Reference

Committee name, Report title, session year, HC or HL paper number, pinpoint (if necessary)

Home Affairs Committee, Independent police complaints commission, 2012–13, HC 494

In-text Citation

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here. 

In the report it was stated... (Home Office Affairs Committee, 2013).

The Home Office Affairs Committee (2013) claimed...

Written Evidence

Written evidence will normally have an evidence number, e.g. (SPI0036)

Reference

Committee Name, Title, Written evidence, Submitted by Name (Evidence Number), Day Month Year, HC or HL number, section number (if necessary)

For example:

https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/42866/pdf/

becomes

Home Affairs Committee, Spiking, Written evidence, Submitted by NPCC (SPI0036), 2022, HC 967

In-text citation

Evidence presented (Home Affairs Committee, 2022) suggested that...

Oral Evidence

Oral evidence normally does not have an evidence number so you need to use the full date.

Reference

Committee Name, Title, Oral evidence, Day Month Year, HC or HL number, section number (if necessary)

For example:

https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/3381/pdf/

becomes

Home Affairs Committee, Spiking, Oral evidence, 26 January 2022, HC 967

In-text Citation

Evidence presented (Home Affairs Committee, 2022) suggested that...

Note that both of these in-text citations are the same. If you are using written and oral evidence from the same Committee, you will need to follow the Citations with the same author and date as another guidance and add the letters accordingly.

Reference

Name/title Year. SI Year/number (Jurisdiction abbreviation if appropriate), https://doi.org/ or URL

The Single Use Carrier Bag Charges (England) (Amendment) Order 2021, SI 2021/958, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/598/contents/made

In-text Citation

The Single Use Carrier Bags Charges (England) (Amendment) Order 2021 states that...

Reference

Name/title Year. SI Year/number (Jurisdiction abbreviation if appropriate)

The Human Remains Removal Licence (Variation of Maximum Fee) Order 1977, SI 1977/2140

In-text Citation

The Human Remains Removal Licence (Variation of Maximum Fee) Order 1977 stated that...

Acts of the Scottish Parliament

Reference

Title of Act Year, (ASP number). https://doi.org/ or URL

Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021, (ASP 14). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2021/14/contents

In-text Citation

The Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021 states that... 

Scottish Statutory Instruments

Reference

Title Year, SSI Year/number. https://doi.org/ or URL

The Public Health etc. (Scotland) Act 2008 (Notifiable Disease and Notifiable Organisms) Amendment Regulations 2020, (SSI 2020/051). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2020/51/contents/made

In-text Citation

The Public Health etc. (Scotland) Act 2008 (Notifiable Disease and Notifiable Organisms) Amendment Regulations 2020 state that... 

Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly

Reference

Title of Act Year Chapter number. https://doi.org/ or URL

Pensions Act (Northern Ireland) 2015 c.5.

Domestic Abuse and Civil Proceedings Act (Northern Ireland) 2021 c. 2. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nia/2021/2/contents

In-text Citation

Domestic Abuse and Civil Proceedings Act (Northern Ireland) 2021 states that...

Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland

The Northern Ireland Assembly may pass Statutory Instruments. These are called Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland.

Reference

Title. (Year). SR Year/number. https://doi.org/ or URL

The Rates (Coronavirus) (Emergency Relief) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2021, SR 2021/116. https://legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2021/116/contents/made

In-text Citation

The Rates (Coronavirus) (Emergency Relief) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2021 state that...

Legislative devolution in Wales has evolved since 2006. From 2007 to 2011 the National Assembly for Wales passed Assembly Measures (nawm). From 2012 to 2020, the National Assembly passed Acts of the National Assembly for Wales (anaw). From 6 May 2020, the National Assembly was renamed the Welsh Parliament or Sennedd Cymru, passing Acts of the Sennedd Cymru (asc).

Acts of the National Assembly for Wales / Sennedd Cymru

Reference

Title of Assembly Act Year, anaw/asc number. https://doi.org/ or URL

Children (Abolition of Defence of Reasonable Punishment) (Wales) Act 2020, anaw 3. https://legislation.go.uk/anaw/2020/3/contents

In-text Citation

The Children (Abolition of Defence of Reasonable Punishment) (Wales) Act 2020 states that... 

National Assembly for Wales Measures

Reference

Title of Assembly Measure Year, nawm number. https://www.doi.org/ or URL

Safety on Learner Transport (Wales) Measure 2011, nawm 6. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/6/contents

In-text Citation

The Safety on Learner Transport (Wales) Measure 2011 requires that... 

Welsh Statutory Instruments

Reference

Title of legislation Year, W.S.I. year/number (W.number). https://www.doi.org/ or URL

The A465 Trunk Road (Ebbw Vale West Junction, Blaenau Gwent to Hardwick Roundabout, Monmouthshire) (Temporary Traffic Prohibitions and Restrictions) Order 2021, 2021/591 (W.162). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2021/591/contents/made

In-text Citation

The A465 Trunk Road (Ebbw Vale West Junction, Blaenau Gwent to Hardwick Roundabout, Monmouthshire) (Temporary Traffic Prohibitions and Restrictions) Order 2021 required that... 

If you are using only a specific clause within a Bill, include this in your reference. If you are using the whole Bill, omit this. 

Reference

Bill name session year, HC/HL Bill [bill number] cl. clause number (jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context). URL

Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 2004-5, HL Bill [17] cl. 2 (Gr. Brit.). https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldbills/004/2005004.htm

Sewage (Inland Waters) Bill 2021-22, HL Bill [21]. https://bills.parliament.uk/publications/41752/documents/350

In-text Citation

You can use a clause number to pinpoint information you are using.

The proposals in the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 2004-5 suggested...

In the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 2004-5 (cl. 2) it was proposed...

If you are using only a specific clause within a Bill, include this in your reference. If you are using the whole Bill, omit this. 

Reference

Bill name session year, HC/HL Bill [bill number] cl. clause number (jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context).

Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 2004-5, HL Bill [17] cl. 2 (Gr. Brit.).

Sewage (Inland Waters) Bill 2021-22, HL Bill [21].

In-text Citation

You can use a clause number to pinpoint information you are using.

The proposals in the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 2004-5 suggested...

In the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 2004-5 (cl. 2) it was proposed...

Hansard is divided into three series: one reporting on debates in the House of Commons, one in the House of Lords, and one in the Public Bill Committees of the House of Commons.

The abbreviations for the first two are HC Deb and HL Deb. For debates in the Public Bill Committees of the House of Commons use the title of the Bill followed by Deb.

If you are using Hansard in print form, omit the web address from your reference.

Reference

HC/HL/Title of Bill Deb (Date Month abbreviated. Year) (volume number) col. Column number, https://doi.org/ or URL

HC Deb (13 Sep. 2017) (628) col. 871, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2017-09-13/debates/2E5B0D05-5F8D-4AFF-8B8A-E436A2593F8A/NHSPay?highlight=stephen%20morgan#contribution-F638E95F-6752-4522-907B-C659B559FAA8

In-text Citation

Stephen Morgan MP (HC Deb, 2017, col. 871) questioned... 

For consistency, it has been agreed with the module coordinator for Probation that students on their course should reference and cite PSIs as online reports by a government department. 

The example below is for the PSI on Sentence Planning.

Reference

National Offender Management Service. (2015). Sentence Planning (PSI 19/2014). https://tinyurl.com/n2y92wvw

In-text Citation

If you are citing the same PSI more than once, you should follow the guidance here on using acronyms in citations.

For information about the use of page numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

The Sentence Planning PSI requires that... (National Offender Management Service, 2015, p. 5)

Use G.A. Res. or S.C. Res. (for General Assembly or Security Council).

The date is that of Signing or approval.

Reference

G.A. Res./S.C. Res. number, (Month abbreviated. Date, Year). https://doi.org or URL

G.A. Res. 380V, (Nov. 17, 1950).

In-text Citation

The United Nations’ resolution ‘Peace Through Deeds’ (G.A. Res. 380V, 1950)...

United Nations Conventions

The following guidance is for the text of Conventions used online. For guidance on referencing print versions, please ask Library staff.

Reference

Title of treaty, Month day, year, https://doi.org or URL

United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, December 10, 1984, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-9.en.pdf

In-text Citation

The UK supported the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)...

United Nations Treaties

The following guidance is for the text of Treaties used online, and is based on the original publication. If modifications have been made since publication you would need to find the original publications of those additions in order to cite them effectively. For guidance on referencing print versions, please ask Library staff.

Reference

Title of treaty, Month day, year, https://doi.org or URL

Name, U.N. Doc. Number (Month Day, Year) (shortened name)

United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9 (July 17, 1998) (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court).

In-text Citation

Use the shortened name and the year as your in-text citation.

According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), the powers related to....

Reference

Name of case, Type of decision, Year I.C.J. Rep. number First page number (Month Date). https://doi.org or URL

Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), Judgment, 2014 I.C.J. Rep. 137 3 (Jan. 27).

In-text Citation

The case of Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) (2014) determined...

European Union Treaties

Reference

Title. Date signed, year of publication O.J. (Series initial issue) First page number, https://doi.org or URL

Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. 15, May 9, 2008, 2008 O.J. (C 115) 47.

In-text Citation

All signatories to the Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2008)...

European Union Directives and Regulations

Reference

Legislation type Number Title, Year of publication O.J. (Series initial and issue) First page number, https://doi.org or URL

Directive 2008/52 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Certain Aspects of Mediation in Civil and Commercial Matters, 2008 O.J. (L 136) 3.

Regulation 2015/760 of the European Parliament and of the Council of Apr. 29, 2015, on European Long-Term Investment Funds, 2015 O.J. (L123) 98.

In-text Citation

The minister highlighted the terms of Directive 2008/52 (2008) and Regulation 2015/760 (2015) ...

Cite cases before the European Court of Human Rights to European Court of Human Rights, Reports of Judgments and Decisions (Eur. Ct. H.R.). Reports of Judgments and Decisions were discontinued after 2015.

For cases after 2015, cite the Court’s official website, HUDOC (http://www.echr.coe.int). If a case before the European Court is not available in print, you may cite an unofficial printed source or the Court’s official website, HUDOC (http://www.echr.coe.int)

Cases before 1999

These cases should be cited to Collections of Decisions of the European Commission on Human Rights (Eur. Comm’n H.R. Dec. & Rep.) or Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R. If not, cite European Human Rights Reports (Eur. H.R. Rep.). When citing Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R., indicate parenthetically whether the case was before the Commission or the Court. Indicate both the parties and the application number for the case:

Y. v. Netherlands, App. No. 7245/32, 32 Eur. Comm’n H.R. Dec. & Rep. 345, 358 (1982).
Smith v. Belgium, App. No. 3324/76, 8 Eur. H.R. Rep. 445, 478 (1982).
Iversen v. Norway, App. No. 1468/62, 1963 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R. 278 (Eur. Comm’n on H.R.).

Cases between 1999 and 2015

Case name, volume number, reporter, page number where applicable, and year.

Ireland v. United Kingdom, 23 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. B) at 23 (1976).

Cases after 2015

HUDOC citations:

The parties’ names, the application number for the case, pincite (using paragraph numbers, if available, rather than page numbers), the date, document URL

S.M. v. Croatia, App. No. 60561/14, ¶ 81 (July 19, 2018), http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-184665

In-text Citations

Use the parties names in italics, followed by the year in square brackets within your text. 

In S.M. v. Croatia [2018] it was deemed that...