APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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To reference a source that is in a language other than English, you should use the format guidance for the type of source and give details in the original language, and add an English translation of the title in square brackets after the title and before the period.
In the case of an article of chapter, translate only the title of the specific part being referenced. You do not need to provide a translation of the title of the whole book or journal.
For an example of how this would look for an ebook, please see our guidance here.
For an example of how this would look for a print book, please see our guidance here.
If the original language uses a different alphabet, transliterate the alphabet into the Roman alphabet.
For example, English, Dutch, French, German, Spanish and Swahili use the Roman alphabet. Amharic, Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin and Russian use other alphabets.
The purpose of transliteration is to aid the alphabetisation of your reference list. If transliteration is not possible, check with your lecturer how they would like you to treat this source, as they may accept use of the original alphabet.