Vancouver

🡄 Referencing Home Page

This is the Vancouver style for referencing, used at the Univerity of Portsmouth within the School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and the Radiography departments.

This guide is modelled on Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition). You may wish to consult this source directly for additional information or examples.

Referencing and citation basics

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• The four elements of a reference

• Frequently asked questions

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‐ Do I have to reference lecture notes?

‐ Does it matter where I place my in-text reference number?

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You can place these where you think they make the most sense. The following guidance does exist:

Numbers should be given to the right of commas and full stops, but to the left of colons or semi-colons. Try to work your sentence so that reference numbers do not come near other numerical data.

‐ I'm re-using a source that I referred to earlier - do I list it again?

‐ For something found on the Internet - do I use the whole web address

‐ Should I separate my sources into categories such as books, journals, etc.

‐ I've heard someone mentioning ibid. and op. cit. How do I use these?

‐ I've referenced 2 chapters from a book. Do I reference the book as well?

‐ Should I number the items in my bibliography?

‐ What if I can't find an author?

‐ What if I can't see any page numbers?

‐ What if I haven't read the original source?

‐ What if more than one place of publication is listed?

‐ If the source title is all in capitals, do I use all capitals in my bibliography?

‐ Where do I find the details needed in a reference list/bibliography?

‐ Where would I find further guidance?

• Citations

Tables and Figures

Books

Article

Drug Information Sources

Scientific/Technical Reports

Research material

Standards

Website or Webpage

Audiovisual

Mobile Apps

Lecture Notes

Spreadsheets