APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Not all journals give their issues both volume and issue numbers. If the journal does not use volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers, omit the missing element(s) from the reference.
Example with a missing volume number
Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, (Issue number), start and end page numbers.
Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47.
Example with a missing issue number
Author, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number, start and end page numbers.
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78.