APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments. 

Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer. 

External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.

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The guidance below covers all kinds of conference sessions, papers and presentations (proceedings) which have not been published as part of a journal or book.

You should indicate the type of contribution being referenced using a description in square brackets, for example: [Conference session] [Paper presentation] [Poster session] [Keynote address]

As these sources are associated with a specific location, this needs to be included in the reference. For states in the US, use the two-letter abbreviation. Use the equivalent abbreviations (if any) for states, provinces and territories in other countries.

If the conference was moved to online-only as a result of lockdowns or travel restrictions there is no need to indicate this in the reference. Use the original planned location of the conference (if there was one) in the reference to aid readers in identifying it.

Online-only conferences should use the same template as in-person conferences, but omit the location element from the reference.

Reference

Author, Initials. (Year, Month Date span of conference). Title of paper. [Type of contribution]. Title of conference: Subtitle of conference, City, State/Province/Territory, Country. https://doi.org/ or URL

Baig, U. A., & Agha, G. N. (2021, May 25-27). Drilling the un drillable: A case study of the Bela Well in Makran accretionary prism [Paper presentation]. SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. https://doi.org/10.2118/202084-MS

In-text Citation

If the source doesn't have any page numbers you can use paragraph numbers in place of pages if you need to use them. You should use para. in place of p. to show this is what you are doing. For information about the use of page and paragraph numbers within in-text citations, please see our guidance here.

It was demonstrated... (Baig & Agha, 2021)

Baig and Agha (2021) described...