APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If you are referencing information from Credo, you are not required to include a 'retrieved from' date as these URLs are more stable than reference works on websites.
With author(s)
Reference
Author of entry, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Initials, Editor(s) (Ed./Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition if any). Publisher. URL
Arnold, D. G. (2015). Business ethics. In R. Audi (Ed.), The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupdphil/business_ethics/0?institutionId=129
In-text citation
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
It can be observed (Arnold, 2015) that...
Arnold (2015, para. 4) defines this as...
Without author(s)
Reference
Title of entry. (Year of publication). In Initials, Editor(s) (Ed./Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition if any). Publisher. URL
Marginalisation. (2017). In S. Butler (Ed.), The Macquarie dictionary (7th ed.). Macquarie Dictionary Publishers. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/macqdict/marginalisation/0?institutionId=129
Portsmouth. (2005). In J. Ayto, I. Crofton, & P. Cavill (Eds.), Brewer's Britain and Ireland. Chambers Harrap. https://search.credoreference. com/content/entry/ orionbritainireland/ portsmouth/0?institutionId=129
In-text citation
The title of the entry should be placed in double quotation marks within the citation.
If you want to cite a specific part of an entry, if you're using a direct quote for example, you can use paragraph numbers in your citation. You should use the abbreviation para.
It can be observed ("Marginalisation", 2017) that...
"Portsmouth" (2005, para. 2) is defined as...