APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Within your text
Refer to the table by the table number and tell your reader what to look out for, e.g. “The data shown in Table 2, suggests that...”
Position of figures
Place table after a full paragraph. APA suggests they are aligned with the left margin, and that a double spaced blank line is placed above them unless they are at the top of a page.
Above the figure
Table number in bold type with sequential numbering
If you are not already using double line spacing for your whole essay, add a double line space here.
Title of table in italics (if there is no title, succinctly describe the table or use the title from the original source)
Then add the table
Below the table
Note. in italics followed by a full stop. Then standard typeface, include details of the source. Add the word “From” followed by the in-text citation - author, date, page number, if available. You can also include additional information about the contents, for example, definitions of abbreviations or copyright information.
The full reference for the table is then included in your Reference List along with all other sources you have cited in the text of your assignment.
Your table should look like this:
Table 2
Summary of Primary SBM Archetypes Used by Companies
| Number of companies | Number of sustainable business models that fully match the eight archetypes | |
| 4 | 6 | |
| 12 | 5 | |
| 13 | 4 | |
| 12 | 3 | |
| 23 | 2 | |
| 38 | 1 | |
| 0 | ||
| Total: 204 companies | ||
Note. From Ulvenblad and Tell, 2019, p. 10.
The full reference for this table would be:
Ulvenblad, P., & Tell, J. (2019). An overview of sustainable business models for innovation in Swedish agri-food production. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 16(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2018.1554590