APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Posters can contain anything from medical information to directions or advertising. In general, posters and notices will not be an easily retrievable source. You may therefore wish to consider including a photograph of it as an appendix. If you use a photograph you took yourself of the poster or notice as a Figure within your work, you will need to follow this guidance, but you do not need to include an in-text citation within the Note field. Leave out the line of text starting with the word Note. below the table or figure.
They will often not have a named author, but instead be attributed to an organisation or company. You should use this as the author for the purposes of referencing and citation.
If it is not clear from the title that the item is a poster, you should use square brackets to include a description of the material in the reference.
If there is no obvious title, you should use a description of the item in square brackets in place of this in the reference.
If you cannot tell the date the poster was created, use n.d. instead of a year.
Reference
Author. (Year of publication). Title [description].
McDonalds UK. (2023). [Poster advertising the 99p saver menu, containing an image of a portion of fries, a cheeseburger and a mayo chicken burger].
In-text Citation
The saver menu was advertised using large imagery of the food items available (McDonalds UK, 2023).