APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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There is an element of personal judgement when it comes to how frequently you need to cite within your work.
However, your reader must not be left thinking 'where did this idea come from?'.
Rather than repeat an in-text citation, you can write in a way which implies that you are referring to the same source. For example:
In his work, Smith (2007, p. 56) finds that ... Smith goes on to refer to ...
If you are unsure, it is better to cite the source each time you refer to it, to avoid being accused of plagiarism.
To cite a range of pages from a source...
Give the start and end pages of the information you are citing, for example:
... was chaired by Lord Cullen. In total, 106 recommendations were made in the Cullen Report (Cullen, 1990, pp. 387-399) ...
To cite multiple individual pages from a source...
Use pp. to indicate there are multiple pages, and separate the page numbers with a comma, for example:
Lettmaier (2010, pp. 54, 59) asserts that marriage ....