APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If you are citing two works by the same author(s) to make one point...
Give the name(s) once, and the date for each work, in date order and separated by commas:
Recent research (Smith, 2004, 2006) suggests ... or
Recent research (Smith, 2004, p. 4, 2006, p. 25) suggests ...
If the sources are by the same author and published in the same year...
Add letters to the year in both your reference list and in-text citations:
Recent research (Smith, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c) suggests ... or
Recent research (Smith, 2007a, p. 16, 2007b, p. 25, 2007c, p. 313) suggests ...
If the sources are by different authors...
Arrange them in alphabetical order of the first author, as in your reference list, separating each item by a semi-colon:
Recent research (Campbell, 2007; Jones & Evans, 2005; Smith, 2004) suggests ... or
Recent research (Campbell, 2007, p. 57; Jones & Evans, 2005, p. 201; Smith, 2004, p. 14) suggests ...