APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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Reference
If there is no named author (either individual or corporate), you should move the title of your source to the start of your reference (where the author would usually be).
Please see the guidance for the source type you are using for examples of how this would look.
However, if the author is designated as "Anonymous", cite the word Anonymous in your text as the author. It should also be used as the author in your reference list.
(Anonymous, 1993, p. 116).
Do not use "Anonymous" as an author unless it is designated in the work: works without authors are generally identified by their titles.
In-text Citation
When a source has no author, your citation should be the first two or three words of the title followed by the year.
If the title is italicised in the reference it should also be italicised in the citation. For example:
... in a recent book (Encyclopedia of psychology, 1991) ...
If the title is not italicised in the reference, it should be placed in double quotation marks in the citation. For example:
... in this article ("Individual differences", 1993) ...